Front view of Betterpad-Ray Maquette
/ Mural Fortress design
Each
building has its own type. The meaning of the word "type" comes from
the Greek, namely the word "typos" which means "the root of. . .".
The science of studying various things related to types is called typology. In
understanding the type of building, it must first be explained the
understanding contained in the word "architecture" in order to
discuss typology thoroughly, because the word has a variety of meanings that
continue to develop with the development of the times.
Typologically,
the meaning of the word "architecture" is the activity that produces
certain objects called "architectural objects". That way, typologies
try to trace the beginning of the formation of architectural objects. There are
three steps that must be taken to find out, namely:
1.
Determine
the "basic shapes" (formal structures) that exist in every
architectural object.
2.
Determine
the "basic properties" that exist in each architectural object based
on the basic forms that exist.
3.
Studying
the process of developing these basic forms up to their present embodiment.
The
meaning of "basic shapes" are the main geometric elements, for
example circles, ellipses, triangles and rectangles; including various
variations of each of these elements. This main geometrical element can be
referred to as "abstract geometry" or also known as "deeper
geometry". Called "abstract" because these elements are more
often found in conditions that are not real manifested at the time of
observation, but are only indicated. A saddle-shaped roof can be assumed to consist
of several triangular elements in a row.
The
meaning of "basic properties" is things like centering, symmetrical,
scattering, static, and so on. Some of these basic properties have belonged to
certain basic shapes. For example, a circle has the basic properties of
"centering", because the circle itself is a collection of points that
surround the center to return / connect at the starting point. Whereas a square
has basic properties of "static". However, the combined form of
several rectangular or circular shapes does not necessarily have that basic
characteristic anymore. Especially when various different basic shapes are
combined into a new shape form.
A look at the design of the
Betterpad-Ray Maquette / Mural Fortress
[Betterpad-Ray
Maquette (Great Integrated Fortress) or Mural Fortress is an example of a
complex building design that combines traditional and modern elements.
Interestingly, it is endeavored that traditional elements tend to stand out in
their form. The Betterpad-Ray maquette design is a multi-look small-scale
depiction of building types. The formation of these buildings follows the rules
of what is already in the architectural culture of the Archipelago/Nusantara
(Indonesia) coupled with the effective and efficient character of the modern
practical architecture.
The basic
shapes in the Betterpad-Ray maquette can be seen clearly because they look
simple without complicated details. The basic shape of the square is the most
common thing found in every building, including the maquette of this Mural
Fortress. The square shape can be seen clearly in the three main building
designs in the Mural Fortress maquette, namely the Pendapa Peradaban (Pavilion
of Civilizations), the Betterpad-Ray Main Building, and the Masjid Syahadat
(Shahada Mosque). The reason for using the square shape is in accordance with
the general view, that the basic form is easily made, firm, simple, and can be
measured easily. Square shape whose fourth angle is 90 degrees, clearly forming
a wider and more effective space than a larger or smaller angle. If the angle
is too large, it requires a lot of land. If the angle is small, the area of the
room becomes narrow.
While the basic
shape of a triangle is common in the form of a roof in most parts of Indonesia,
although with variations each. This shape looks natural - like a sturdy
mountain or anything strong. The slope in the shape of a triangle makes the
roof of a tropical area with lots of rainfall easily drain rain water falling
to the ground. There is indeed a shape of the roof that uses the basic shape of
a circle, more precisely half a ball. For example in the Honai house in Papua.
There are also those shaped like a boat, such as the Gadang house in West
Sumatra or the Tongkonan house in South Sulawesi. What is clear, the shape of
the roof as it gives the impression of a broad roof space.
The basic
properties of rectangular buildings, in my opinion, are indeed static and
symmetrical. Static because the house or building is made so that the building
seems durable and permanent. Although traditional wooden houses are easily
demolished, some even can be lifted by many people to move to other places, but
the static form of a square gives meaning that the house is an object that is
expected to last. Generally, traditional Indonesian houses are symmetrical
because symmetry is balanced, easily shared evenly, and looks comfortable when
viewed. Likewise, the design of the Betterpad-Ray Maquette is designed based on
common basic shapes so that it appears to have strong and pleasing characteristics.
As a complex
building design, the model of Mural Fortress is indeed an amalgamation of basic
shapes which are more complex when viewed as a whole. This is done so that
there are new and different characteristics. Of course there must be a composition
and proportion with a careful calculation so that the appearance of the design
looks harmonious. Not all basic shapes must be combined into all buildings. The
shape of the garden that uses the basic shape also adds color to the appearance
of the Betterpad-Ray maquette design.]
There
are two different opinions about the origin of architecture as an architectural
object. The first opinion states that architecture is formed when humans
succeed in 'manifesting God's presence' in the world. According to the
statement, the building / construction that functions as a place of worship or
temple is the first architectural object in the world made by humans. The
second opinion states that architecture is formed when humans realize their
presence in the world and begin to focus on their environment. According to the
statement, residential or residential buildings were the first architectural
objects in the world made by humans, such as primitive huts.
Until
now, the influence of the two opinions was still felt. The first opinion
directs the idea that what should be called architectural works are works that
are monumental and his function as a place for the public interest. Nikolaus
Pevsner, in his book "An Outline of European Architecture" (1974) gives
his view:
"A bicycle warehouse is a
building. Lincoln Cathedral is a work of architecture. Whatever forms space on
a scale sufficient for humans to move within it is a building. The term
architecture only applies to buildings that are designed with aesthetic purposes."
(translate from Indonesian)
In
the 18th and 19th centuries, the word "aesthetic" was intended only
for monumental and public buildings. Pevsner displays this in his
description.On the other hand, the second opinion leads to something that can
be understood that every building, whatever its function and whatever its form,
must be called an architectural work, even though it is not an architect who
designed it.
Both
opinions also give different statements about architecture as an object. The
first opinion states that architectural objects are unique and original. Every
architectural object is the result of an outpouring of expressions that arises
from the thought of the creator for a moment, so there should not be two
identical architectural objects, even if made by the same person. This opinion
is still influential until now. The following is the opinion of Professor
Parmono Atmadi:
"Basically, architecture
always wants to convey a message. Just because the message wasn't written, the
message could be interpreted differently from what was intended. In addition,
the message expected can and almost always be interpreted differently by
someone who is trying to read the message. Especially if the observations are
made with a considerable time difference."
According
to him, it happened because:
". . . the growth of new
views and values that are not only different, but can also contradict the old."
Professor
Parmono's opinion came from one of the activities in the affairs of
linguistics, namely "Semiology". Semiology sees language as a means
of communication. In this case, humans are symbolic creatures that communicate
with each other with signs aimed at specific meanings. Everyday language is
learned in Semiology by breaking it down into a system of signs. It is hoped
that the process of forming an understanding of anything can be traced to that
approach. It is believed that symbols and signs are universal, so the process
of forming a language also exists in other things, for example in architecture.
Tectonic elements forming an architectural object are equated with words. The
architectural object itself is equated with a sentence. In speaking, each
person has their own way. Architectural object makers also have their own ways
of producing works. In other words, each architectural object is unique from
its maker so that it is unique and original.The second opinion gives the
opposite statement. Architectural objects have the same value as other objects
that are born from repetitive activities. Architectural objects are
deliberately made so that they can be repeated again. That is, architectural
objects not only produce a repetition but also result from a repetition. In
this view, architectural object makers have only one guideline, namely
"basic forms" and "basic properties". Only the ability to
distinguish and group various basic shapes and characterize the basic
properties possessed by architectural object makers. Transformation,
modification, and imitation of basic forms can be done, but only after establishing
a basic form or combining various basic forms. So, other people can easily
mimic the process after the basic form or a combination of the basic forms of
choice of the first person had been known.
In
the statement, the character is not associated with the creator, but with the
object itself with the settings in the object itself. The creator does not have
the slightest role in the object created, and each architectural object has an
identity that has existed before being touched by the maker.
A
character can be associated with building functions. For example, the roof of a
house provides a protective character because it protects its inhabitants from
the direct heat of the sun or heavy rain which flushes where they live. The
so-called protection is something that can prevent something from disaster or
bad. So a roof must have properties that are not easily penetrated by anything,
strong in accepting a variety of exposure to physical objects, and do not need
to have strange details.
Typology
can be seen as an activity of grouping things based on style. As a result,
so-called tastes that can move the making of a particular style, even new types
of styles appear. Broadly speaking, there are three main styles according to
the time they were developed, namely the primitive / natural, ancient /
traditional, and modern styles. The existence of creations that have no limits
makes all styles can be mixed with their own proportions, giving rise to new
styles, such as modern homes that have traditional details in the presence of a
gazebo and natural nuanced garden. Of course this is the taste of everyone who
is comfortable according to the feelings of the person himself. The
architectural object's style determines the personality of the maker or its
occupants, even the personality of the group or nation if the architectural
object is a monumental public building.
Design of the Shahada Mosque (Masjid
Syahadat)
Pavilion of Civilization (Pendapa
Peradaban) Design
Betterpad-Ray Main Building Design
[Based on
these two views, the design of the Betterpad-Ray Maquette tends to be a group
of public buildings that have their respective functions. It means, Mural
Fortress Maquette is a complex buildings that has unique and original
characteristics that clearly have no other similar form that humans can create.
Indeed, residential houses tend not to be called architectural works or objects
simply because of their relatively simple form and personal function, so there
is no intention to create a unique form of the house, limited to neat and
beautiful in general. While public buildings are buildings intended for many
people. So, his form must be able to accommodate the thinking of many people,
which is beautiful, unique, and can be easily remembered by everyone.
Considering
that house is a basic human need besides food and clothing, the opinion that a
residential house is an architectural object that is made so that it can be
replicated subsequently is fundamental and true. Because there is no demand in
the physical needs of humans to make things more and more different quickly.
There is only a sense of security and comfort so that somehow the shape of the
building is sufficient. Moreover, the form of a residential house is a
manifestation of the results of human thought about one or several basic forms
that are arranged into architectural objects. Architecture is the result of
human culture and civilization in his life. So basically the form of
construction that results from human creation, not naturally existing, has been
referred to as a complete architectural work.
The design of
the Betterpad-Ray Mural Fortress is indeed not a simple house. However, the
shape of the building is a repetition of the forms that already exist, such as
Pendapa Peradaban (Civilization Pavilion) with an open side, the Main Building
with a shape around an empty space, and the Masjid Syahadat (Shahada Mosque)
with a rectangular pyramid roof shape typical of the archipelago/Nusantara
Indonesia. So, it can be said that the design of Mural Fortress speaks from the
point of view of both opinions.
The characters
in the Betterpad-Ray design are made to fit the broad and sturdy character of
public buildings. If asked about the style, of course it can be stated that the
design of Mural Fortress uses traditional Nusantara styles, combined with the
needs of modern activities in the Main Building that looks multi-functional.
Actually, only things that can be found in other building complexes. This is
not just a matter of taste, but about national identity that needs to be
maintained and shown to the world while still observing universal values in
architecture.]
The affairs
of typology starts from the view that primitive huts are the beginning of
architectural objects that are repetitive.
Raphael
Monco gave his statement as follows:
"Simply put, typology can be
defined as a concept that describes a group of objects on the basis of the
similarity of the basic forms of character. Basically, typology is based on the
possibility of grouping several objects because they have the same basic
properties. It could even be said that typology means the act of thinking
within a grouping framework.”
Thus, the notion of
"architecture" is:
". . . a way of making
typological elements - namely the idea of a structure of form - reach a state
that can characterize the whole work."
[Thus the
article mixed with science and discussion about the design of the Betterpad-Ray
Maquette. There is no perfect article, because only God is the most perfect. We
apologize if there are mistakes and please criticize and advise. Thank you.]
Reference:
§
Prof. Ir. Eko
Budihardjo, M.Sc. Jati Diri
Arsitektur Indonesia. 1997.
Bandung: Penerbit Alumni (Publisher). * Includes: Ir. Budi A. Sukada,
Grand.Hond, Dipl. (AA), as stated in the reference book.
(https://archive.org/stream/BooksArsitektur/1140_Jati%20Diri%20Arsitektur%20Indonesia#page/n1/mode/2up)
No comments:
Post a Comment