Front view of
Betterpad-Ray Maquette / Mural Fortress
It can be assumed that the emergence of various interpretations of
the typological approach, both correct and not, is caused by the classification
function which is emphasized in the direction of "character". This
problem has indeed arisen since the term "type" was first written in
1788 by Quatremere de Quincy in the world's first Encyclopedia. Indeed learning
something that is abstract, is uncertain, gives rise to various opinions. And
language problems are not necessarily able to be finished in a matter of
seconds, even if only for one word.
The definition of "character" was first written by
Jacques-Francoise Blondel in 1771 as follows:
".
. . all the works that are classified must reflect their specific goals, all
must have a character that determines the overall shape, and presents the
building as it is." (translated from Indonesia)
Often there is a misinterpretation of typology as a way of
classifying on the basis of "model" criteria, or it can be said that
"type" is the same as "model". Since it was discussed for
the first time, this problem had indeed arisen and Quatremere de Quincy was
also aware of it. As an example of the roof of a building, he said:
"A 'pediment' is no longer seen as a representation of a roof,
incidentally because of its triangular shape, then a roof is a mysterious
triangle, something that symbolizes eternity."
With the roof of the building as an example, the attack carried out
by de Quincy was directed at those who first saw whether the object had
fulfilled the conditions that had to be present in order to be considered a
"basic form". In his explanation, a "pediment" is
considered a model that causes the roof of the building to be identified with a
triangle shape. If discussed in a simple way, young children will know that
they will draw a triangle shape to make a roof image. This is not because they
are taught by others to draw with these shapes, but because the human brain,
even from an early age, can already know what is considered "basic
forms" that exist in every object, especially objects that can be measured
geometrically.
[Betterpad-Ray maquette design (Benteng Terpadu Raya/Great
Integrated Fortress) or Mural Fortress can indeed be seen with a typological
approach. However, whether it is consciously or not, the design of
Betterpad-Ray may be judged by any approach according to the observing
viewpoint. Because there are the words "Benteng/Fortress", what one
can think of is that this maquette is a design place for defense. Right, a
place to maintain culture and science, especially Indonesia / Nusantara. In
this day and age when there is an air force, the fort is no longer effective
and the design of this maquette fort was made for art purposes, to be exact, a
mural media.
This model, in general, is a complex building design that has a
multi-building multipurpose building type. Character is something that is
always sought in every design. Each design has its own uniqueness, but can
still be grouped into broader groups. Of course, the design of Mural Fortress
or Betterpad-Ray has a unique and different character. In general, Mural
Fortress has a character between Indonesian and modern culture. The design of
Mural Fortress is included in the group of public buildings with integrated
facilities. The model is actually a general model. The design of the mosque, pavilion,
and main building with shapes that can be found in other buildings is due to
trying to maintain and utilize existing forms and proven to be used and applied
well so far.]
Basically, the understanding contained in each of the interrelated
aspects causes various interpretations which give rise to new aspects in the
affairs of typology. In English, there are three words, namely type, model, and
style which are defined as follows:
·
Type: a person,
something, event, etc., which is considered as aan example of one particular class or group. . . which is considered to
havecharacter similarity.
·
Model:
representation in three dimensions of a structure or style of a structure. ..
to be remade with other materials. . . or proposed to emulated.
·
Style:
how to talk, write or do something; a character that collective nature; a
descriptive formula; types, variety, especially ones related to the way it is
displayed.
View of the
Betterpad-Ray / Mural Fortress Maquette Design
[The words "type", "model", and
"style", in the minds of many people, are indeed interrelated.
Usually, those three words in a discussion do refer to a work. In the design of
the Great Integrated Fortress, of course you can know what can be explained
using each of these three words. Both architects and non-architects will look
for and understand the three-word maquette design, whether consciously or not.
The difference is, the experts must have been able to interpret and use words
correctly. While the non-architect can be wrong in using the word in question.
However, in general, the mistake of non-architects (misguided) in this context
is not fatal, even almost nothing, because the intention in the heart when the
assessment can be understood and satisfying, both himself and others.
It can be said that the design of Mural Fortress is a
multifunctional building type with a typical Nusantara model combined with
modern form. Style is a certain method or technique in making a work. When
viewed from a maquette material, the maquette uses paper material with cutting
and sticking techniques. This is done and is worth doing because it is cheap
and easy to shape. If you see the style in making a real building, what is
certain is done so that the results are as desired and tangible. This style can
be influenced by local needs, knowledge, and culture. Certainly as a building
complex that seeks to uplift Indonesian culture, the style used is the
"style of Indonesia".]
Both "type" and "style" allude to the same
thing, namely: the similarity of character which is grouped / collective, while
"model" is something that is made to imitate the "style".
However, in certain usage, "model" has the same definition as
"type" because it is equally related to the problem of representation.
The three words used in typology in a different scope, which is
connected directly with the "forms" and "basic properties"
of an architectural object. All three must be seen in concept only, not with a
certain physical form. Thus, the "model" referred to in typological
analysis is a basic geometric form chosen as the ideal source for the formation
of an architectural object. While the style is a characteristic that appears in
the form of architectural objects, as a result of the use of a certain basic
form to be an ideal model.
Typology can use methods commonly used in the affairs of history.
Each architectural object is studied in its development based on aspects of
human culture, specifically the way and technology in making buildings. That
is, typology is not only a theoretical activity, but also develops into
practical activities, planning tools, and design.
[Indonesia has a very long history of architecture, due to its
own noble culture and the integration of architectural styles from countries
that have dealt intensively with Indonesia, namely China, India, Arabia and
Europe. Therefore, it is not surprising to find a variety of unique
architectural works in Indonesia in large quantities. The design of the
Betterpad-Ray Maquette is based on such an atmosphere so that the world knows
that Indonesia has a diversity and complex cultural colors.]
Masjid Syahadat
(Mosque Shahada) design
Pendapa
Peradaban (Civilization Pavilion) design
Betterpad-Ray
Main Building design
There is an opinion that the beginning of architecture is the
existence of "primitive hut". This was stated by Marc Antoine Laugier
in his work entitled "Essai sur l'archarchure" (1753). Primitive hut
is an arrangement of four wooden sticks that stand vertically to form a
rectangular angle, then the four upper corners are connected by four horizontal
logs. These horizontal wooden logs form the basis of primitive human settlement
floors. This is the first part of a primitive hut. Then in the second section
above it, the other four logs are arranged into two triangles mounted on the two
sides furthest from the floor plane and each top is connected horizontally by a
log. This second part will form the roof of the building after being given a
branch and covered by leaves.
In essence, an architectural object has only two main parts, namely
columns or poles that are free standing and roof shape. Apart from these two
elements, only secondary functions. According to such a mindset, the walls
covering the sides of a building are not considered as bearers of the roof or a
burden because they violate the basic principle earlier. Walls and other
elements are only considered additions because basically they can be removed.
Over time, the design of buildings has progressed to become tangible as we can
see now.
[If you look at the design of the Betterpad-Ray Maquette, it
looks the most typical building - located at the center of the front is the
Pendapa Peradaban/Civilization Pavilion. This pavilion is an open-sided
building originating from the Archipelago, precisely Java. Pendapa building has
a simpler structure than buildings in general. Broadly speaking, a collection
of standing poles that support the roof as a protector from the top. While the
side direction is not closed because it symbolizes openness and makes it easier
for people to enter it. Pendapa is a public space, not a privacy space or
hidden interests of an agency.
It could be said that the Pendapa or Pavilion model was indeed
quite close to the shape of a primitive hut. It's just that the shape is more
organized, uses good materials, has a greater number of structures and is
broad, and can be used for official events. Generally, Pendapa is also located
at the front of the main building which is closed. Of course, Pendapa and so on
are the thoughts of the predecessors of the Indonesian people in creating
functional architectural works and displaying open-mindedness, while remaining
close to nature and simplicity.
At the Masjid Syahadat (Shahada Mosque) Building, it can also be
found in the form of pendapa, the foyer of the mosque. The foyer of the mosque
is at the back of the main worship hall and has an open nature. This is where a
variety of religious community activities can be carried out.
Thus the article mixed with science and discussion about the design
of the Betterpad-Ray Maquette. There is no perfect paper, because only God is
the most perfect. We apologize if there are mistakes and please criticize and
advise. Thank you.]
Reference:
§
Prof. Ir. Eko
Budihardjo, M.Sc. Jati Diri
Arsitektur Indonesia. 1997.
Bandung: Penerbit Alumni (Publisher). * Includes: Ir. Budi A. Sukada,
Grand.Hond, Dipl. (AA), as stated in the reference book.
(https://archive.org/stream/BooksArsitektur/1140_Jati%20Diri%20Arsitektur%20Indonesia#page/n1/mode/2up)
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