Front view of
the Betterpad-Ray Maquette / Mural Fortress
[Western
architecture is indeed famous throughout the world. Its colonial heritages can
be found on every inhabited continent. So, it is not surprising that European
architecture continues to be studied and compared with architecture outside the
West. Indonesia, which experienced the colonial era, has many European
architectural relics, especially from Netherlands. Dutch heritage buildings are
generally in the form of wall structures painted in white and have large window
sizes. The shape is fairly simple but magnificent. So, the design of the
Betterpad-Ray Main Building in the model of Mural Fortress uses a simple style
with a large window size that is suitable for use as an office or
multi-functional building.
In
Europe or the West, the development of architecture did go through several long
periods. Each period has its own architectural style that makes the European
region have a variety of building styles. In the hands and minds of experts,
creativity in terms of architecture continues to roll according to the needs
and conditions of his day. This can be used as a reference or comparative study
for the development of architecture in Indonesia so that traditional
architecture can also continue to be developed as needed.
Betterpad-Ray
Maquette Design (Great Integrated Fortress) is a form of effort to display
traditional architectural styles that are able to exist and in accordance with
the times. The intended function of this maquette design is a building complex
that provides educational, artistic and aesthetic value, accommodates a variety
of activities, and social community. Although most of them are in traditional
style, the design of the Mural Fortress also shows the characteristics of other
nations, such as Arabic, Chinese and European. The dominant traditional style
is combined with space efficiency in a modern architectural style so that it
can become a multipurpose building complex.]
Historically, typological approaches can be divided into three
periods. This was stated by historian named Anthony Vidler. The first period
was the "encyclopedic" of the 19th century with the main role by
Marc-Antoine (Abbe) Laugier. Primitive huts are a source of reference used in
this case. In this group, the thoughts which most influenced the next period
were Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand (1760-1834), in his paper: Summary of Lectures
given at Ecole Polytechnique (1802-1805). The book contains a collection of
drawings of various buildings from various countries and eras, which are
grouped on the basis of their use and drawn on the same scale, both floor
plans, pieces, and appearance. Durand took several tectonic elements from each
group which according to him determine the character of each. From all that, he
mixes it back to form various buildings that suit new needs. The targets
achieved by Durand are newer, more effective, and economical functions, such as
reduced building poles, narrower wall area, cheaper materials, and so on. With
a new composition that has never existed before, Durand creates architectural
styles that are deemed appropriate.
In another opinion, the existence of building structural elements
that are used to support the top and give strength to buildings are usually
large and take up space. Typically, buildings with high room sizes require
large supports. Of course the aim is to create a spacious atmosphere and show
grandeur. A large fee is needed for this kind of building. Indeed, especially
according to a practical modern view, the effort to boast is not comparable to
the function of the room which actually does not need excessive size. So, to
create beautiful but effective and economical architectural works, the
magnificent style was eliminated. Especially with the reduction of the pole,
both the number and size, the number and size of the room can be added so that
its functions more and more. Development costs can also be reduced. What's
more, actually humans only need a comfortable shelter, no need to be too
sparkling and wasteful.
At the end of the 19th century, a second period emerged where
efforts were made to respond to the challenges of the industrial revolution.
Within the theoretical scope, the pioneer in this matter was Walter Gropius.
However, Le Corbusier was the first to realize it in designing housing in
Pesac, France. In essence, the interpretation of a process is used as a model
in design, as is also the case in the mechanization of mass goods manufacturing
in the new industrial era. Tectonic elements are no longer a major concern in
the design of architectural works, but their physical components are
mass-produced after they have been rationalized first.
The typology approach of the two periods is very much oriented to
form, ratio, and technology. In the first period, specific architectural styles
for each particular building function became a habit that often arose. For
example, government buildings use classical styles, religious buildings use
Gothic styles, public buildings use mixed styles, and so on. Basically, that is
not the purpose that Durand meant. Which is the result of the second period is
the concept of International-style architecture (International Style) which can
be known easily by many people. This style has been commercialized since the
1950s.
In everyday life, materials, tools, and even the form of finished
materials that are ready to be assembled have circulated in shops that can be
reached. With the presence of modern industry, manufacturers can make branded
building materials so that visitors are easily recognized. This is different
from pre-modern industrial times where rare materials are ready to be
assembled. For example, roof trusses in ancient times were made from natural
materials such as wood of different sizes, so they needed to be measured and
cut in order to get the right size and as needed. Today, the size of the roof
truss material is available in the same size and surface area. Modern materials
are also easy to cut with modern tools. Even in public buildings, in the past
there were no materials sold of the same size, except for tiles and bricks. In
this day and age, building construction elements has been produced in the same
size and can be adapted to cutting.
The third period occurred in the 1960s, but it was only noticed by
architects in the 1970s to the present. Vidler called them "third
generation rationalists". They are also called "Neo-Rationalists who
apply the true meaning" said by Kenneth Frampton. Laugier wrote about the
points about what they did:
1.
Seeing
the meaning of architecture as inherited by forms that occurred in the past.
2.
Choose
the basic forms based on inheritance in the previous points.
3.
Make
a design proposal on the basis of recomposing the basic forms of inheritance
that have been mentioned.
An example of this is the monument by Aldo Rossi from Italy which
consists of three basic shapes, namely a circle, a box, and a triangle. The
basic shape of the circle becomes a column, the box becomes a wall, and the
triangle becomes a roof that rests on the wall and is supported by columns.
However, it is not work like a primitive hut made, but rather shifted so that
each element supports the other only at one point.
Piazza e
Fontana Monumentale by Aldo Rossi
Source: Google
Maps Street View
Human thinking about architecture is growing. But basically, when
it reaches a certain level of complexity, humans want to see basic forms that
are simple, but with a different processing from the early days of the
existence of building structures. This monument by Aldo Rossi looks very
simple. It is easy to draw without any difficulties. However, the work is indeed
something that might have never been thought of before by humans. What is clear
again, the structure is not used as a human protective building, but as a
memorial monument to an event. So, the creative process can be done more
flexibly without regard to the comfort factor and physical needs.
Top View of a
Betterpad-Ray / Mural Fortress Maquette/Mockup Design
[Basically,
the shape of a house or functional building doesn't need to be complicated. The
simple form is sufficient as long as it is safe and comfortable. What is
unique, with certain creativity, a variety of simple forms combined with
certain positions can create aesthetics that are comfortable to look at.
Betterpad-Ray Maquette/Mockup Design (Great Integrated Fortress) / Mural
Fortress is a composition of basic shapes that can be found in various building
models. Seen from above, the design of the complex building mockup/model is
composed of simple basic shapes arranged according to function and size. There
did not appear to be a very unusual form than usual. Simple buildings are
generally in the form of rectangular floors because they are easily shaped and
do not take up space. The circular image in the center of the complex's
courtyard shows that the building's design pays attention to the beauty that
comes from a combination of basic shapes and curved lines that show
flexibility.]
The target typology of the Neo-Rationalist generation which is the
place to be applied is the big cities in Europe or the suburbs that still have
original views. In urban terms, cities are seen as a collection of buildings
with variations in the shape and function of architectural objects, then the
historical side is increasingly submerged by industrial progress. It is
necessary to find a historical model that can describe the ideal pattern of
social life to respond to the problem. Then look for aspects of the most
appropriate physical formation of the model that is able to describe the ideal
life and traced its basic forms. According to Leon and Rob Krier, the Middle Ages
were seen as a time that could display the most ideal patterns of social life
of European society. There are two aspects that become the ideal criteria,
namely Squares (or "Alun-alun in Indonesia", in the form of an open
space / field all sides surrounded by buildings) and a wide corridor or
corridor between two rows of buildings, can be closed or open, and can also in
the form of a hall on the edge of the building. From the square and the
hallway, the basic forms that can be seen and determined the tectonic elements
that compose it can be found. So, all of this can be arranged with a new
composition so as to produce architectural works that do not repeat existing
models, even though the basic forms remain clearly visible.
At the regional level, the activity of arranging basic forms also
takes place in accordance with the power of creativity. For example, what was
done by an architect named Mario Botta to the architectural objects of the
regional nature he saw. Initially, he will determine the dominant basic forms
of architectural objects that he observes carefully. The most visible
characteristics of buildings in the area are also sought and identified, for
example materials in the form of wood or brick walls. After that stage, he made
a suggestion of basic forms based on the function of the building. The design
and arrangement that is done is often unthinkable by many people, but still
with a clear orientation, which shows and enlivens the best atmosphere of an
area from within the building. After that, the character of regional buildings
in the area is repeated without showing the original source. For example:
concrete walls in new buildings are colored bricks, or color compositions that
form a brick arrangement motif.
Complesso
polifunzionale area ex-Appiani, by Mario Botta
Source: Google
Maps Street View / Massinissa Dalla Costa
[In Indonesia, the concept of the square/alun-alun and the
function of the building is long known. In every region in Indonesia, there
must be a separate public open space or field that generally accommodates mass
activities, such as traditional ceremonies and traditional games. Usually, the
field is located in the middle of a settlement so that all its citizens can
easily gather to attend the event procession. Specifically in Java, there are
traditional city planning designs that are applied to the palace or city center
with the square/alun-alun in the middle. The square or alun-alun is a large
field that is usually used for mass events or activities. Usually, the square
or alun-alun is rectangular and sometimes in the middle there is a tree
(usually a banyan). Next to the four sides of the square are typical city
buildings that have significant functions. The square and each building are
separated by important roads that surround the square and are connected with
other roads. The mosque is located on the west side of the square, the palace
or government office is on the south side, the legal and court functions are on
the east side, and the market is on the north. Actually and in fact, this does
not have to be done and the position can be different except for the mosque. To
be sure, the square must be surrounded by important and strategic buildings.]
Design
of the Shahada Mosque/Masjid Syahadat
Pendapa
Peradaban/Pavilion of Civilization Design
Betterpad-Ray
Main Building Design
[In the design of the Betterpad-Ray Maquette/Mockup, there is a
main yard that is designed to be large in size so that it can accommodate
various activities comfortably and in relief. The mosque is very important
position for Muslims (community), so the design of the Shahada Mosque (Masjid
Syahadat) is located just west of the main yard. Whereas the Pendapa Peradaban
(Pavilion of Civilization), which functions as a semi-open public space, is
near the main courtyard towards the entrance to the main complex so that it is
easily accessible. The main building which is the largest and is definitely
considered to have the most important function is in the center of the Mural
Fortress. The main building is designed in a square shape that surrounds an
empty space or small park in the middle so that the inside of the building also
gets sunlight. This is a design commonly found in important buildings in the
West or other nations.
Thus the article mixed with science and discussion about the design
of the Betterpad-Ray Maquette/Mockup. There is no perfect paper, because only
God is the most perfect. We apologize if there are mistakes and please
criticize and advise. Thank you.]
Reference:
§
Prof. Ir. Eko
Budihardjo, M.Sc. Jati Diri
Arsitektur Indonesia. 1997. Bandung:
Penerbit Alumni (Publisher). * Includes: Ir. Budi A. Sukada, Grand.Hond, Dipl.
(AA), as stated in the reference book.
(https://archive.org/stream/BooksArsitektur/1140_Jati%20Diri%20Arsitektur%20Indonesia#page/n1/mode/2up)
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