There are several definitions of
disasters which essentially damage and have a negative impact, especially for
humans. Some definitions tend to reflect the following characteristics
[(Carter, 1991; Law Number 24, 2007(Indonesia Law)].
• Disruption or disorder in the normal pattern of life. This
disruption or disorder is usually severe, occurs suddenly, unexpectedly, and
the coverage area is wide enough or causes many casualties.
• Impacts on humans such as loss of life, injuries, and loss of
property.
• Impact on the main supporters of social and economic structures
such as damage to infrastructure: road systems, clean water, electricity,
communication, and other important utility services.
• Disaster risk is the potential loss caused by a disaster in a
certain area and period of time that can be in the form of death, injury, illness,
life threatening, loss of sense of security, displacement, damage or loss of
property, and disruption of community activities.
• Disaster-prone is the condition or geological, biological,
hydrological, climatological, geographical, social, cultural, political,
economic and technological characteristics of an area for a certain period of
time which reduces the ability to prevent, muffle, achieve readiness, and
reduce the ability to respond to impacts bad certain danger.
From several dictionaries, disaster
translated as follows:
• An event that causes major loss or damage and serious or sudden
misfortune (Webster's New World Dictionary, 1983).
• A very bad accident that caused many people to die (Collins
Cobuild Dictionary, 1988).
• Adverse events, sudden misfortune, catastrophe (New Webster
Dictionary, 1997)
Disaster definition in the Disaster
Management book - A Disaster Manager's Handbook (Carter) is an event, natural
or man-made, sudden or progressive, which has a devastating effect so that the
affected community must respond with action - extraordinary actions.
In Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning
Disaster Management, disasters are defined as events or series of events that
threaten and disrupt the lives and livelihoods of people caused by natural
factors and / or non-natural factors and human factors resulting in human
casualties, environmental damage, property losses objects, and psychological
effects.
Furthermore, according to Law Number
24 of 2007 disasters consist of: natural disasters, non-natural disasters, and
social disasters, each of which is defined as follows:
• Natural disasters: disasters caused by events or a series of
events caused by nature include earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions,
floods, droughts, hurricanes, and landslides.
• Non-natural disasters are disasters caused by events or a series
of non-natural events, including failures of technology, failure of
modernization, epidemics and epidemic of a disease.
• Social disasters are disasters caused by events or a series of
events that are caused by humans which include social conflicts between groups
or between communities, and terror.
More specifically for certain
locations, namely on the coast, in Law Number 27 of 2007 (Indonesia) concerning
Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands, coastal disasters are defined as
events due to natural events or because of actions by people that cause changes
in the physical and / or biological properties of the coast and result in loss
of life, property and / or damage in coastal areas and small islands.
Law Number 7 of 2004 concerning
Water Resources does not specify the definition of disaster explicitly but is
categorized in terms of controlling the destructive power of water. It is
stated that the destructive power of water is water that causes damage and / or
disaster. According to Law Number 7 of 2004 concerning Water Resources, the
types of destructive power of water, namely water resources that cause damage
and / or disaster are shown in the following table.
1.
Floods
2.
Erosion and sedimentation
3.
Landslides
4.
Cold lava floods
5.
Land subsidence
6.
Changes in the nature and content of
chemicals, biology and physics of
water
|
7. Endangered species of plants and / or
animals
are threatened
8.
Outbreaks of disease
9.
Intrusion
10.
Seepage
Note:
drought should be categorized as a disaster and proposed to be included in
the Law on Water Resources (Kodoatie and Sjarief, 2005)
|
In Law Number 24 of 2007, stated the
types of disasters as shown in the following table.
Alph.
|
Category
|
Num.
|
Type
|
Alph.
|
Category
|
Num.
|
Type
|
A.
|
Natural
Disasters
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
Earthquakes
Tsunami
Volcanic
eruption
Flood
Drought
Hurricane
Landslides
|
C.
|
Social
Disasters
|
11
12
13
|
Social
conflicts between groups
Social
conflict between communities
Terror
|
B.
|
Non-natural
disasters
|
8
9
10
|
Technology
failure
Failed
modernization
Epidemics
|
In the book Disaster Management
Handbook (Carter, 1991) mentioned types of disasters as listed in the following
table.
1.
Earthquake
2.
Volcanic eruptions
3.
Tsunami
4.
Hurricane
5.
Floods
6.
Landslides
|
7.
Fires
(Forests, in cities)
8.
Drought
9.
Epidemi
10.
Big accident
11.
Mass riots
|
There are additional types of disasters (Kodoatie, 2008b), namely:
•
Smoke
disaster
•
Bomb
•
Disasters:
due to technological failures, due to incorrect policies: infiltration wells in
landslide areas, housing permits in catchment areas cause flooding, due to
negligence, due to improper planning, due to mismanagement, due to violations
[Law / (Norms, Standards, Guidelines, and Manuals)] : carelessly dispose of
trash in prohibited places that cause flooding, plant seasonal crops in areas
vulnerable to land movement that cause landslides. (changed as needed).
In Indonesia, if all types of disasters from some of these sources
are combined, it turns out that there are and occur in Indonesia, things that
need to be contemplated and to reflect on themselves. It should be realized
that perhaps only Indonesia has experienced life that coexists with all kinds
of disasters.
Disaster Type Combined Table from Various Sources
1.
Typhoons (tornadoes, whirlwinds, bohorok winds, leeches)
2.
Smoke
3.
Storm
4.
Cold lava floods
5.
Floods
6.
Disasters due to failure of modernization
7.
Disasters due to technological failures
8.
Disasters due to negligence
9.
Disasters due to violations of laws / (norms, standards, guidelines, and
manuals)
10.
Disasters due to wrong policies
11.
Disasters due to mismanagement
12.
Disasters due to misplaced planning
13.
Bomb
14.
Erosion and sedimentation
15.
Large waves
|
16.
Earthquakes
17.
Mounts erupt
18.
Intrusion
19.
Fall of an airplane
20.
The ship sank in the sea
21.
Fires (Forests, in Cities)
22.
Big accident
23.
Drought
24.
Mass riots
25.
Inter-group or inter-community social conflict
26.
permeation
27.
Changes in the nature and content of chemicals, biology and physics of water.
28.
Land subsidence
29.
Landslides
30.
Endangered species of plants and / or animals
31.
Terror
32.
Tsunami
33.
Epidemic
|
(Translate from this Indonesian language article)
God willing, if realized, the
development plan of the Betterpad-Ray design (Benteng Terpadu Raya/Great
Integrated Fortress "Mural Wall") will consider disasters that might
occur and affect the building complex of this design. Because disasters are
destructive, it is endeavored that the Betterpad-Ray design is not built in
disaster-prone places, even though humans cannot predict when and where
disasters occur and of course only God knows best. But at least there are
disaster-prone maps that can be used as a reference so that they can avoid
disasters in the area and in terms of development, they prefer a safe and
comfortable place. Planning for the construction of the Betterpad-Ray complex
must be made appropriately so that it meets expectations, namely the
development runs smoothly in the right way. In development, it must be done
appropriately so that no things are not expected and the building can stand
firmly. And access to evacuation and rescue for various disasters must be
provided properly so as to avoid unexpected losses or victims, both from pure
natural disasters, non-natural disasters, and social disasters.
The Betterpad-Ray
maquette/model/mockup is a building complex design that has a positive purpose,
one part of that goal is disaster education and training. Disasters are indeed
detrimental to humans, both natural and human-caused disasters. In bad things,
in this case it is a disaster, there are two ways to avoid the negative
effects, they are prevention and treatment. Each disaster has a causal factor
and signs that must be known by every human being to be able to deal with it
properly and safely so that it is safe and secure. So it is necessary to
provide socialization and understanding of disasters in order to minimize the
negative impacts that exist, and even prevent those disasters which are mainly
due to human activities. In addition, the existing agency or organization must
be able to cope with and handle disasters in accordance with their duties,
capabilities, and in the right way.
Insha Allah (God Willing), Maket
Betterpad-Ray has a goal to be a place to carry out these activities. The
building that can be used is Civilization Pavilion (Pendapa Peradaban), which
is a pavilion that functions as a Hall and Betterpad-Ray Main Building which
from its form can be known that it is the main office that can be done to
perform tasks. Civilization Pavilion (Pendapa Peradaban) can function as a
place of counseling, meetings, seminars, or other things about discussing
disaster issues that bring together various parties. Whereas the Betterpad-Ray
Main Building functions as an administrative place, internal meeting, or
individual and organizational tasks. Then the Shahada Mosque (Masjid Syahadat)
as a place for religious studies can also be used to deliver education about
protecting the environment to avoid disasters.
Indeed, it needs to be realized that
Indonesia is a disaster-prone country and the Betterpad-Ray model is likely to
be built in Indonesia because Indonesia is my residence place and the
Betterpad-Ray design was indeed made to fit Indonesia's conditions. In
Indonesia there have been various disasters that have had many negative
impacts. Some of these disasters cannot be predicted. The position of
Indonesia, which is a meeting of continental plates and meeting of oceanic,
makes it have a lot of natural wealth as well as the potential for major
natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and so
on. Not to mention other natural disasters due to environmental damage or
non-natural disasters. For unpredictable natural disasters, anticipatory steps
need to be made, for example in this case making buildings earthquake
resistant. Whereas derived from human factors, it is necessary to increase
Human Resources and empowerment. God willing, Betterpad-Ray can be used as a
forum for disaster management and handling.
Shahada Mosque (Masjid Syahadat)
Civilization Pavilion (Pendapa Peradaban)
Betterpad-Ray Main Building
This is the explanation of the
article about the Betterpad-Ray (Benteng Terpadu Raya / Great Integrated
Fortress) model design. God willing, it can be realized. Aamiin. Sorry if there
is an error especially in this article.
Reference:
·
Robert
J. Kodoatie and Roestam Sjarief. Tata Ruang Air. 2010. Yogyakarta: ANDI.
(https://archive.org/stream/BukuArsitektur/1822_Tata%20Ruang%20Air#mode/2up)
(Architecture Hobby)
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