Indonesian architects have various views on Indonesian architecture
that were inherited by the ancestors. Basically, Yuswadi Salya does not agree
if architecture is only observed as a mere physical object, and the architect's
task is not to create the physical object but rather to interpret ritual
behavior. The ritual aspect raises the element of 'mystery' because there is
something that humans still don't know about what they do in the 'ritual
activities'. Humans realize that as much as anything, trying as hard as
anything to learn and know what they want to achieve, there are still many
things that will not be achieved by humans. Behind something there must be
something more difficult to reach. In life, after finding something behind
something, it turns out there is still something that makes people want to dig
more. And such endeavors have limits, in contrast to the vast unlimited
dimensions. Likewise with the interpretation of architecture that incidentally
'works' of humans themselves, although indeed its development occurred since
the days of ancestors, where it is no longer possible to know clearly about
what is actually experienced by the ancestors because of death and time have
separated between generations. The architectural interpretation of the ritual
aspect should have given rise to the 'mystery' in it.
Betterpad-Ray /
Mural Fortress Design Maquette from the Front
[When
observing the building design mockups/maquette that have not yet been made,
there must be something intriguing. Because it is only a small design, the
shape of the model is certainly simpler than the original shape of the
building. Questions will arise about how buildings will be made and what the
function and purpose of each design is. With the mockup/maquette design that
has been made neatly by paying attention to the composition and harmony, about
whether the original form will be suitable and as good as the shape of the
design is the long-awaited thing. If there is indeed no problem in development,
the design of the model can be realized complete with details not yet described
in the model.
Being
curious is a feeling of something that remains a mystery. In the design of the
model there is also a mystery that is not yet unknown to others with each view
arising from the absence of a definite intention that is known. Although the
original design of the model or building is usually requested or created by the
owner of the project, an architect or maketor (who designs the model) has its
own purpose in his work. Especially if the one who has a project is the one who
directly designs himself, of course only God and he/she who knows. Others can
accept explanations from those who make designs, but interpretations from one's
own perspective will still arise. In the design model of Betterpad-Ray (Benteng
Terpadu Raya/Great Integrated Fortress) or Mural Fortress also creates mystery
for anyone who sees it and indeed there are various views that arise from the
people who observe it. The existence of a very large pendapa (traditional
pavilion) design is indeed something unique and extraordinary. Pendapa, as an
official building that is open without a wall, has given rise to various
interpretations of its unique structure. Even though there has been an
explanation based on the heritage of the ancestors, the uniqueness of the
pendapa remains a mystery.]
Suppose there is a picture of a pendapa with a natural landscape
around it. In front of the pendapa there is an adult standing at a considerable
distance pointing at the pendapa. Next to the person is a small child who looks
in the direction the adult is pointing at. Of course there is a mystery that
arises about whether the person appoints the pendapa itself or something that
is behind the pendapa. This example is inspired by Abbe Laugier's drawings of
primitive hut in his writing. It can be interpreted that young children are
connoisseurs of art and adults are 'architecture', to refer to something that
is shown (pendapa or something behind the mysterious). Different views from the
example above can lead to various interpretations that lead to mystery. In this
example it is not explained whether an adult said something pointed or not. Only
an action is seen from the outside.
[In
addition to buildings without wall, when seeing a picture of people pointing to
a closed building also raises the mystery, whether what is pointed is something
in front of the building, on the surface of the building, or that is in the
building. When the pointed building is without wall, then the pointed point can
also be behind the building without the wall, because what is behind it (the
side behind the object being observed / in front of the observer) is clearly
visible without any obstruction. When pointing at a closed building, it is
difficult or unable to lead to something behind it, because it is impossible to
know what's behind it. Unless you've seen an object that was seen at the back
of the building and is thought to be still there or looking for something that
is thought to be there. Of course it is only conjecture, unlike when you see
something behind the pendapa or even an open hut that is clearly visible.
The
design goal of a large pendapa (Pendapa Peradaban / Civilization Pavilion) in
the design of the Mural Fortress was made so that people could see the scenery
outside the pendapa more freely. What is meant by the front of Civilization
Pavilion is the one facing the main yard of Betterpad-Ray, while the back is
opposite to the front or close to the main building. Sometimes in government
buildings, the back of the pendapa has a wall that can function as a screen or
an explanation board as well as restricting public space from government work
space. In the design of the Civilization Pavilion can also be made like that or
may not.]
Basically, a primitive hut is an unclear form. His portrayal and
examples of physical form have not or cannot be explained clearly by any
person. Based on the description of Abbe Laugier, a simple primitive hut
consists of four poles (wood stick) forming a rectangular right angulars
formation and above it there are two facing triangle shapes, each of which
rests on two poles and the two peaks of the three sides are connected by
horizontal wood so that they can form a roof that uses leaves or grass. The
structure is not yet known for certainty and its existence, but is considered
'ever' existed and manifested in human civilization, such as the statement of
Robi Sularto and Darmawan Prawirodihardjo that has been mentioned in the
article Studying Traditional Indonesian Architecture.
Top
View of the Betterpad-Ray / Mural Fortress Maquette
Typologically, Indonesia's traditional architecture is in
accordance with the depiction of primitive hut. Columns and roofs are the two
main elements found in both of the above. The other elements are only
secondary. When trying to draw the traditional architecture on a paper by
simplifying its shape, whether it is a plan, cut, or outward appearance, the
visible components are points (representing columns) and lines (representing
sides of a flat dimension). If grouped by type, there will be two basic nature
groups: linear and centered. If it is made in the direction of new functions
and forms, these points and lines can be enlarged in dimensions, such as points
that form columns of buildings and flat areas that form the roof, walls, and
outlines of building elements. This action seems easy to imagine and can give a
clear, simple but realistic depiction of real work. However, in order for the
original image to be felt more, there are things that must be done, namely the
point element must be more dominant than the line element.
In observing architectural works, not only the finished results are
seen, the process is also important to note. Sometimes it's not the contents /
meaning that is the main focus, but the outer skin. This is what led Robi
Sularto to give a fairly piercing statement about the habit of 'looking at
traditional architecture from the outside', so that 'loved by misunderstanding,
and ridiculed without understanding'.
Medieval architecture is seen by Leon and Rob Krier as an ideal
model because it illustrates the life of people who are able to show their
existence, family, community groups, and the relationship of religious
institutions with the government, not because of the shape or style of
buildings in that era. At that time, every builder also acted as an architect,
contractor, and artist. They are not learned scholars, but community service.
While they were working on the construction of the building, the whole family
also lived in the area of the building that was made and lived with community
groups in that place. While their husbands work, all their life needs are met
by the group concerned. That is, the process of making a building is also
followed by rules about the life patterns of all parties in it. Therefore, the
focus of the attention of the latest generation of typologists is the problem
of urban city design, because the conditions are not organized and getting
worse, both the physical and social conditions of the community. So, it is only
natural that the search for Indonesian architectural forms starts in cities,
while the sources of reference are sought in the countryside.
In Indonesia there is also a city regulation that regulates the
relations between the community and government. This has been true since
ancient times. From a personal point of view, the traditional era (indeed the
size of the time is still wide) is able to reflect the socio-cultural life of
the Indonesian people and its legacy is still sustainable today, even if only
in part. Religion and government are two inseparable things in Indonesia. The
public place of worship is located near the central government building, with
the two facing a large square as a gathering place. Basically, the economy is
the main thing that is considered by the government, because this is the main
wheel of human life. Thus, the market is generally also located near the city
center or crossroads. The government also needs to regulate public security and
order in accordance with applicable law. So, the building to take care of legal
matters also stands at the center of government. These are the elements of city
building layout which at least all of them must be present.
Map of the
Surakarta Sunanate Palace Area
Source: Google
Maps
In Depok, there is the University of Indonesia campus whose overall
development planning, as well as each of several buildings, uses a typology
approach. This is to realize the purpose of university leadership, which is to
reflect the taxonomy of science and express architectural values inherited from
previous generations of builders in Indonesia. Even the name of the campus
clearly uses the name of the country, so the design must also represent
Indonesia. As a university located in the Jakarta metropolitan area, the
capital city of Indonesia, of course the people in it, especially its many
students, many come from various regions in Indonesia, both native to the region
and because their parents moved and settled in Jakarta. Based on personal
views, to present it all, the values of Indonesian architecture are displayed
on the campus of the University of Indonesia to show pride in the noble
sciences of the predecessors who can strengthen national unity.
The University
of Indonesia Complex from Above
Source: Google
Maps
[There
are three main designs in the Betterpad-Ray Mockup/Maquette, namely the Shahada
Mosque (Masjid Syahadat), Civilization Pavilion (Pendapa Peradaban), and the
Betterpad-Ray Main Building. Basically, the building complex with the three
objects is quite complete, the other is the design of complementary facilities
that can support other useful activities. In general, the design of the Mural
Fortress building complex was made to accommodate various social activities.
With the various forms of buildings arranged with attention to composition and
harmony, it is expected that between the activities carried out can be mutually
sustainable, both directly and indirectly, with the aim of improving science
and giving moral values.]
Design of the
Shahada Mosque
Civilization
Pavilion Design
Betterpad-Ray
Main Building Design
[Thus the article mixed with science and discussion about the
design of the Betterpad-Ray Maquette/Mockup. There is no perfect paper, because
only God is the most perfect. We apologize if there are mistakes and please
criticize and advise. Thank you.]
Reference:
§
Prof. Ir. Eko
Budihardjo, M.Sc. Jati Diri
Arsitektur Indonesia. 1997.
Bandung: Penerbit Alumni (Publisher). * Includes: Ir. Budi A. Sukada,
Grand.Hond, Dipl. (AA), as stated in the reference book.
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