MAQUETTE BETTERPAD-RAY - The Role of Natural Light on the Office

An office is a building that is generally used by certain agencies, companies or organizations that have various jobs in it. Offices have various types and specifications of each. But in general, offices have similarities in terms of organizational space, dimensions, and space requirements in accommodating activities. Similarly, the working time. There are many offices, especially in cities or government, that have five working days per week. Each room is filled for eight to ten hours of work in a day. While other offices can have shorter duration of work in a day but operate for six days a week. The operational time is certainly considered for the sake of optimal work effectiveness and human labor from morning to evening. The sun's circulation time also affects the duration of work, because sunlight is available from morning to evening and this greatly affects human performance.

In an office there is the same activity, namely "work". The difference is in the type of work done, how to do it, and other needs in the work process. These differences must be accommodated by a design.

Office is a function where visual matters are very important so that the lighting must meet the requirements of brightness and glare. Another thing that must also be considered is the view outside the room. So, the need in design has become a necessity to provide a room with a brightness level that is in accordance with the activities carried out in the room. The types of activities in an office can vary, for example working with computers, writing, reading, meeting, and technical activities with high accuracy, each of which requires different lighting, especially natural light. Likewise with the level of glare, it must be reduced or muted to the least possible so that various activities in it can be done properly.

If you look at offices in the city center, both directly and through information media, whether real events or in films, including the United States and Hong Kong for example, which has a lot of skyscrapers, it can be seen that the office the office is usually a multi-storey building or located inside. These buildings are generally designed to use transparent glass-based walls. Indeed, such buildings can have problems with other buildings in natural lighting problems, namely frequent access to sunlight that is acceptable to buildings. But technology continues to grow rapidly so that it is able to overcome this. Glass walls are part of various systems for inserting and spreading sunlight to all spaces that have been used in office design. The selection of transparent walls is able to create a room that meets the requirements of light requirements, especially in tall buildings where the wall does not act as a building structure system. However, glass has a weakness as a building material that reflects sound. Without good and proper consideration and calculation, the use of glass material on all sides of the building can result in a poor sound system.

By optimizing sunlight in office spaces, the use of energy to activate artificial lighting can certainly be reduced. Artificial lighting is still needed for spaces that do not have access to sunlight. But with good utilization of sunlight, the dependence on artificial lighting can be even smaller.

Betterpad-Ray maquette/model/mockup (Benteng Terpadu Raya / Great Integrated Fortress "Mural Wall") is a complex design of buildings that can be used as an office, God willing. Betterpad-Ray design is a collection of buildings located on a large and flat land. The designs of these buildings are made according to their respective functions and uses. Because of that the Betterpad-Ray design is indeed suitable for use as an office. Betterpad-Ray design is suitable for offices that have a normal and long working duration. The maquette/model/mockup is designed to be able to provide various facilities for the people in it, for example employees and leaders who work who need a comfortable work space, resting and eating places, places of worship, bathrooms, and so on. So if someone works for a longer duration, it will feel comfortable.

Shahada Mosque (Masjid Syahadat)

Civilization Pavilion (Pendapa Peradaban)

Betterpad-Ray Main Building

The Betterpad-Ray model design considers aspects of human needs in terms of lighting, in this case natural lighting from sunlight that is beneficial to humans. The hope, the Betterpad-Ray model that gives a depiction of access to natural light in the form of glass windows can make a party realize it so that the employees in it can work comfortably. From its form, the Betterpad-Ray Main Building which is located in the middle of the complex design of the building is indeed worthy of being used as the main office, because of its large size, has many windows that are of sufficient size, and look multifunctional. In order to be able to adjust the entry of sunlight into it as needed, curtains will be attached to each part of the window. Besides that, there is the Civilization Pavilion (Pendapa Peradaban) which directly faces the main page. The Pendapa is a large hall that has sides in the form of supporting poles without a cover wall (except the back) which can be used for office or organizational events. Semi-open space makes natural light easily enter the pendapa and air circulation more smoothly. Then for Muslims who want to pray can do it at the Shahada Mosque (Masjid Syahadat) which has many windows so that natural lighting in it can be obtained properly. It is already common if some offices in Indonesia have mosques, because Indonesia is the country with the largest number of Muslims in the world.

Indeed, if seen, the Betterpad-Ray model is a design of a building complex that does not have a skyscraper. All of the designs are relatively low-rise buildings, except for two buildings that are seen as towers, that alone cannot be said to be as tall as a skyscraper. Indeed, this complex of buildings tends to make use of sufficiently large land and in private opinion because of security factors. Best that this building complex also be built in a place far from skyscrapers to be safer and easier to get natural light.

This is the explanation of the article about the Betterpad-Ray (Benteng Terpadu Raya / Great Integrated Fortress) model design. God willing, it can be realized. Aamiin. Sorry if there is an error especially in this article.

Reference:

·         Manurung, Parmonangan. Pencahayaan Alami dalam Arsitektur. 2012. Yogyakarta: ANDI. (https://archive.org/stream/BukuArsitektur/1713_Pencahayaan%20Alami%20dalam%20Arsitektur#mode/2up)

(Architecture Hobby)

MAQUETTE BETTERPAD-RAY - Definition and Types of Disasters

There are several definitions of disasters which essentially damage and have a negative impact, especially for humans. Some definitions tend to reflect the following characteristics [(Carter, 1991; Law Number 24, 2007(Indonesia Law)].

• Disruption or disorder in the normal pattern of life. This disruption or disorder is usually severe, occurs suddenly, unexpectedly, and the coverage area is wide enough or causes many casualties.

• Impacts on humans such as loss of life, injuries, and loss of property.

• Impact on the main supporters of social and economic structures such as damage to infrastructure: road systems, clean water, electricity, communication, and other important utility services.

• Disaster risk is the potential loss caused by a disaster in a certain area and period of time that can be in the form of death, injury, illness, life threatening, loss of sense of security, displacement, damage or loss of property, and disruption of community activities.

• Disaster-prone is the condition or geological, biological, hydrological, climatological, geographical, social, cultural, political, economic and technological characteristics of an area for a certain period of time which reduces the ability to prevent, muffle, achieve readiness, and reduce the ability to respond to impacts bad certain danger.

From several dictionaries, disaster translated as follows:

• An event that causes major loss or damage and serious or sudden misfortune (Webster's New World Dictionary, 1983).

• A very bad accident that caused many people to die (Collins Cobuild Dictionary, 1988).

• Adverse events, sudden misfortune, catastrophe (New Webster Dictionary, 1997)

Disaster definition in the Disaster Management book - A Disaster Manager's Handbook (Carter) is an event, natural or man-made, sudden or progressive, which has a devastating effect so that the affected community must respond with action - extraordinary actions.

In Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management, disasters are defined as events or series of events that threaten and disrupt the lives and livelihoods of people caused by natural factors and / or non-natural factors and human factors resulting in human casualties, environmental damage, property losses objects, and psychological effects.

Furthermore, according to Law Number 24 of 2007 disasters consist of: natural disasters, non-natural disasters, and social disasters, each of which is defined as follows:

• Natural disasters: disasters caused by events or a series of events caused by nature include earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts, hurricanes, and landslides.

• Non-natural disasters are disasters caused by events or a series of non-natural events, including failures of technology, failure of modernization, epidemics and epidemic of a disease.

• Social disasters are disasters caused by events or a series of events that are caused by humans which include social conflicts between groups or between communities, and terror.

More specifically for certain locations, namely on the coast, in Law Number 27 of 2007 (Indonesia) concerning Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands, coastal disasters are defined as events due to natural events or because of actions by people that cause changes in the physical and / or biological properties of the coast and result in loss of life, property and / or damage in coastal areas and small islands.

Law Number 7 of 2004 concerning Water Resources does not specify the definition of disaster explicitly but is categorized in terms of controlling the destructive power of water. It is stated that the destructive power of water is water that causes damage and / or disaster. According to Law Number 7 of 2004 concerning Water Resources, the types of destructive power of water, namely water resources that cause damage and / or disaster are shown in the following table.

1. Floods 2. Erosion and sedimentation 3. Landslides 4. Cold lava floods 5. Land subsidence 6. Changes in the nature and content of chemicals, biology and physics of water

7. Endangered species of plants and / or animals are threatened 8. Outbreaks of disease 9. Intrusion 10. Seepage Note: drought should be categorized as a disaster and proposed to be included in the Law on Water Resources (Kodoatie and Sjarief, 2005)

In Law Number 24 of 2007, stated the types of disasters as shown in the following table.

Alph.	Category	Num.	Type	Alph.	Category	Num.	Type
A.	Natural Disasters	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Earthquakes Tsunami Volcanic eruption Flood Drought Hurricane Landslides	C.	Social Disasters	11 12 13	Social conflicts between groups Social conflict between communities Terror
B.	Non-natural disasters	8 9 10	Technology failure Failed modernization Epidemics

In the book Disaster Management Handbook (Carter, 1991) mentioned types of disasters as listed in the following table.

1. Earthquake 2. Volcanic eruptions 3. Tsunami 4. Hurricane 5. Floods 6. Landslides

7.      Fires (Forests, in cities) 8. Drought 9. Epidemi 10. Big accident 11. Mass riots

There are additional types of disasters (Kodoatie, 2008b), namely:

•           Smoke disaster

•           Bomb

•           Disasters: due to technological failures, due to incorrect policies: infiltration wells in landslide areas, housing permits in catchment areas cause flooding, due to negligence, due to improper planning, due to mismanagement, due to violations [Law / (Norms, Standards, Guidelines, and Manuals)] : carelessly dispose of trash in prohibited places that cause flooding, plant seasonal crops in areas vulnerable to land movement that cause landslides. (changed as needed).

In Indonesia, if all types of disasters from some of these sources are combined, it turns out that there are and occur in Indonesia, things that need to be contemplated and to reflect on themselves. It should be realized that perhaps only Indonesia has experienced life that coexists with all kinds of disasters.

Disaster Type Combined Table from Various Sources

1. Typhoons (tornadoes, whirlwinds, bohorok winds, leeches) 2. Smoke 3. Storm 4. Cold lava floods 5. Floods 6. Disasters due to failure of modernization 7. Disasters due to technological failures 8. Disasters due to negligence 9. Disasters due to violations of laws / (norms, standards, guidelines, and manuals) 10. Disasters due to wrong policies 11. Disasters due to mismanagement 12. Disasters due to misplaced planning 13. Bomb 14. Erosion and sedimentation 15. Large waves

16. Earthquakes 17. Mounts erupt 18. Intrusion 19. Fall of an airplane 20. The ship sank in the sea 21. Fires (Forests, in Cities) 22. Big accident 23. Drought 24. Mass riots 25. Inter-group or inter-community social conflict 26. permeation 27. Changes in the nature and content of chemicals, biology and physics of water. 28. Land subsidence 29. Landslides 30. Endangered species of plants and / or animals 31. Terror 32. Tsunami 33. Epidemic

(Translate from this Indonesian language article)

God willing, if realized, the development plan of the Betterpad-Ray design (Benteng Terpadu Raya/Great Integrated Fortress "Mural Wall") will consider disasters that might occur and affect the building complex of this design. Because disasters are destructive, it is endeavored that the Betterpad-Ray design is not built in disaster-prone places, even though humans cannot predict when and where disasters occur and of course only God knows best. But at least there are disaster-prone maps that can be used as a reference so that they can avoid disasters in the area and in terms of development, they prefer a safe and comfortable place. Planning for the construction of the Betterpad-Ray complex must be made appropriately so that it meets expectations, namely the development runs smoothly in the right way. In development, it must be done appropriately so that no things are not expected and the building can stand firmly. And access to evacuation and rescue for various disasters must be provided properly so as to avoid unexpected losses or victims, both from pure natural disasters, non-natural disasters, and social disasters.

The Betterpad-Ray maquette/model/mockup is a building complex design that has a positive purpose, one part of that goal is disaster education and training. Disasters are indeed detrimental to humans, both natural and human-caused disasters. In bad things, in this case it is a disaster, there are two ways to avoid the negative effects, they are prevention and treatment. Each disaster has a causal factor and signs that must be known by every human being to be able to deal with it properly and safely so that it is safe and secure. So it is necessary to provide socialization and understanding of disasters in order to minimize the negative impacts that exist, and even prevent those disasters which are mainly due to human activities. In addition, the existing agency or organization must be able to cope with and handle disasters in accordance with their duties, capabilities, and in the right way.

Insha Allah (God Willing), Maket Betterpad-Ray has a goal to be a place to carry out these activities. The building that can be used is Civilization Pavilion (Pendapa Peradaban), which is a pavilion that functions as a Hall and Betterpad-Ray Main Building which from its form can be known that it is the main office that can be done to perform tasks. Civilization Pavilion (Pendapa Peradaban) can function as a place of counseling, meetings, seminars, or other things about discussing disaster issues that bring together various parties. Whereas the Betterpad-Ray Main Building functions as an administrative place, internal meeting, or individual and organizational tasks. Then the Shahada Mosque (Masjid Syahadat) as a place for religious studies can also be used to deliver education about protecting the environment to avoid disasters.

Indeed, it needs to be realized that Indonesia is a disaster-prone country and the Betterpad-Ray model is likely to be built in Indonesia because Indonesia is my residence place and the Betterpad-Ray design was indeed made to fit Indonesia's conditions. In Indonesia there have been various disasters that have had many negative impacts. Some of these disasters cannot be predicted. The position of Indonesia, which is a meeting of continental plates and meeting of oceanic, makes it have a lot of natural wealth as well as the potential for major natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and so on. Not to mention other natural disasters due to environmental damage or non-natural disasters. For unpredictable natural disasters, anticipatory steps need to be made, for example in this case making buildings earthquake resistant. Whereas derived from human factors, it is necessary to increase Human Resources and empowerment. God willing, Betterpad-Ray can be used as a forum for disaster management and handling.

Shahada Mosque (Masjid Syahadat)

Civilization Pavilion (Pendapa Peradaban)

Betterpad-Ray Main Building

This is the explanation of the article about the Betterpad-Ray (Benteng Terpadu Raya / Great Integrated Fortress) model design. God willing, it can be realized. Aamiin. Sorry if there is an error especially in this article.

Reference:

·       Robert J. Kodoatie and Roestam Sjarief. Tata Ruang Air. 2010. Yogyakarta: ANDI. (https://archive.org/stream/BukuArsitektur/1822_Tata%20Ruang%20Air#mode/2up)

(Architecture Hobby)

MAQUETTE BETTERPAD-RAY - Traditional Buildings as Reflections on Cultural Values

Traditional buildings as a reflection of cultural values are still very clearly visible from the embodiment of the shape, structure, layout, and decoration. The physical form of a traditional house, although it does not neglect the sense of beauty, but is still bound by the cultural values that apply in society. Regarding its location sometimes in accordance with the values of local cultural teachings. For example, houses in Java, especially Wonogiri Regency, there are suggestions to build houses facing south, even though they are not really considered, especially nowadays. Actually there should not be mythological values or ancestral beliefs in terms of the position of the building, whether to pick up sustenance, reject reinforcements, luck, and so on. Of course there are values that can be thought rationally and related to nature and the comfort obtained. For example about a house facing south, it turns out that it is in accordance with the geographical location of the island of Java. The reason the house facing south is to receive natural light well. Java Island is located next to the equator with a position between 6⁰ south latitude to 8⁰ south latitude, so that the sun looks longer in the north of Java in a year, around 7-8 months from mid-February to mid-October. Usually at that time is the end of the rainy season, the dry season, until the beginning of the rainy season again. So at that duration usually sunny weather often occurs so that the sun is often seen. Because the position of the house faces south, the front part is not directly illuminated by the sun so that the house, especially the terrace is more shady. While in mid-October to mid-February, the sun's position is seen in the south of Java. At that time the rainy season usually occurs which often occurs cloudy weather and even rain so that the sun is often not visible and the front of the house still feels calm, besides because the sun's position duration is seen in the south of Java is less.

In addition, there is a prohibition on making a house at the end of a T-junction, precisely above the middle of the letter T, because it can be hit by calamity. Actually it is better to think rationally and it is true. The house that is in that position then directly faces a straight road directly towards the house. For example if there is a vehicle that moves fast and cannot be controlled which directly leads to the house in that position, it will potentially hit the house so that an accident occurs. But there are indeed houses that are in that position where the residents feel there is no problem in this matter. In essence, in terms of cultural values, of course, rational positive values can be taken.

Traditional houses are very clear in distinguishing the front with the back, such as between a living room with a kitchen. Then there is also the arrangement in the village / community environment, there are special places that need to be taken into account. For example, the Macapat arrangement of the city on the island of Java, which although not really considered, especially in the present. In essence, macapat in this case is a square / field surrounded by four important buildings, namely a place of worship (mosque), a government office, a court or a place of legal problems, and markets. The square is a community gathering place for certain activities. The mosque is located in the west because the Qibla direction on Java is to the west. Then the government offices are in the south, where there are legal problems place in the east, and markets in the north.

In traditional buildings there are indeed values that are reflected in the shape of the house. There are people who give a certain meaning to the shape of their homes according to the values that apply, it could be about nature or something related to their community. For example about the beauty of architecture that is often seen on television or internet media, namely the traditional Toba Batak house (Bolon house in North Sumatra) and Toraja (Tongkonan house in South Sulawesi) which has a boat-like roof shape, even including a traditional Minang house (Gadang house in West Sumatra). There is an opinion that the shape of this boat is a symbol of a vehicle that has a positive impact on them. For example, according to the Toraja people, a boat is a vehicle of their ancestors who managed to sail to the mainland of Sulawesi. Then, the higher the shape of the roof, the higher the dignity or social status of the occupants. Another example is the shape of a Joglo roof in Javanese houses that has a unique shape. The shape of the Joglo roof which is almost upright is a symbol of a large and sturdy mountain. Java Island does have many mountains, both ordinary mountains and volcanoes which are very influential in the lives of Javanese people, especially in terms of natural resources. Mountain is one of the creations of God Almighty which is often used as a symbol of grandeur and is actually proof that it is the Supreme Lord who is able to create this vast and extraordinary universe.

Each building has a distinctive structure. In Javanese traditional houses, for example the pavilion has pillars that support the roof of the building. These pillars are usually made of teak wood which can be found easily on the island of Java. Likewise with every building in the regions of Indonesia, or in every civilization in all parts of the world has pillars as a support for buildings. Actually in general, the pillar has value about something that is able to establish and enforce. So every activity or process or organization certainly has a "pillar" that supports it so that it can stand strong and not easily collapse.

Regarding the division of space, it is clearly visible in accordance with prevailing cultural values. The main house is considered only suitable to be entered by residents and close relatives. Therefore there are parts that are open to guests and there are also parts of the living room for other people to become one with the residence. An example of this is the pendapa / pavilion in front of the main Javanese main house as a guest house. The pavilion is a building that is important for the dissemination of local residents.

The shapes and patterns of traditional home decorations are also related to the influence of cultural values, main ideas, and beliefs that dominate the population. Buffalo head, as a working animal in agriculture has a high value. The head of the buffalo or its horn becomes a meaningful home decorating object. For example in Toraja, a tribe whose culture is well-known in the mass media, put buffalo horns in their homes that can show their level of social status. The higher the composition of the buffalo horn, the higher the social status. In addition, there are also other symbols that illustrate cultural values, vital ideas, and beliefs of the people who decorate traditional houses or buildings in the form of carvings and drawings.

The Betterpad-Ray (Benteng Terpadu Raya / Great Integrated Fortress "Mural Wall") is a complex design of buildings that can reflect the cultural values of the archipelago. God willing, if realized, then the cultural elements can be displayed in detail. The maquette/mockup/model is a manifestation of the purpose of introducing cultural values that are important to be known to future generations, even though they have not been maximized if they have not been realized. But there are still modern and Western elements to fit the times in this era of globalization while still highlighting the elements of traditional culture.

 Shahada Mosque (Masjid Syahadat)

Civilization Pavilion (Pendapa Peradaban)

Betterpad-Ray Main Building

The shape of the Betterpad-Ray Maquette design is a rectangular area with a Betterpad-Ray Main Building located in the center. The main building has a modern form (tends to Western style) because of its complex functions. Whereas Civilization Pavilion (Pendapa Peradaban) is a pavilion or hall that has the shape of a typical archipelago roof with a steep central part. The Shahada Mosque (Masjid Syahadat) is located in the west with a typical archipelago pyramid roof with the form of an Arab style arch on the doors and windows. The structure of the building uses materials from brick, cement, and sand with the supporting pillars especially in the Civilization Pavilion. The use of these modern materials may be replaced with wood, and this can still be adjusted as needed. But large halls or buildings today generally use cement as a base material. As a building complex in tropical countries, the roof is steep so that rainwater can easily flow down. The Betterpad-Ray Complex has various buildings arranged in such a way according to their needs and appropriateness. Hall (Civilization Pavilion) as a public space located in front of the Main Building, then there is a large yard in front of it. While the Shahada Mosque is located in the west towards the Qibla. God willing, detailed decorations on Betterpad-Ray display the cultural elements of the archipelago, even all regions in Indonesia if they exist, as a manifestation of unity in diversity. This fact shows how important the meaning of traditional architecture as a reflection of culture. So the preservation of traditional buildings is not just to preserve ancient buildings but also to expand the message and information of cultural values that exist and are strengthened by and for future generations.

This is the explanation of the article about the Betterpad-Ray (Benteng Terpadu Raya / Great Integrated Fortress) model design. God willing, it can be realized. Aamiin. Sorry if there is an error especially in this article.

Reference:

·         Prof. Ir. Eko Budihardjo, M.Sc. Jati Diri Arsitektur Indonesia. 1997. Bandung: Penerbit Alumni.  * Included by: Prof. Dr. S. Budhisantoso, as stated in the reference book.  (https://archive.org/stream/BukuArsitektur/1140_Jati%20Diri%20Arsitektur%20Indonesia#page/n1/mode/2up)

 (Architecture Hobby)