A roof is a building element that
functions as a cover for the upper part of a building. The shape of the roof
can vary, depending on culture, habits, uses, and desires. Certain roof shapes
can show the culture of the region or nation from the appearance of the shape
of the roof of the building. Generally, the shape of the roof of a mosque in
Java or Indonesia is the form of a tent or tajug. The shape of the roof has
become commonplace and has become a habit for Indonesian people when building
mosques. When the Indonesians saw a large building in the shape of a tent roof,
they would immediately think that the building was a mosque. The shape of the
roof of a tent in a mosque in Indonesia is often used because the mosque
building has a square shape. The roof of the tent is a form that is suitable
for a square building. At the top of the roof of the tent can be installed dome
that can show the characteristics of the building of the mosque, even though
this is not a necessity. Personally, I like the shape of the roof of the tent
because of its shape, the more up the more conical and gathered at one point.
This means that the mosque is a place to worship Allah, the Almighty and Most
High. Only to Him do we worship and ask for help. So I also gave the shape of the
tent roof on the design of the Shahada mosque (Masjid Syahadat) which was part
of the model/maquette of the Betterpad-Ray (Benteng Terpadu Raya / Great Integrated
Fortress) building complex.
In this article, I will explain
various forms of roofing in general and will explain the shape of the roof in
the design of the Shahada mosque.
Example of gable roof
The shape of the roof, which is
simple and easy to find in homes, especially in Indonesia, is a form of gable.
This roof has two flat plane surfaces that are sloping (generally quadrilateral)
where one side of each surface meets each other at the top which is called a
ridge so that when viewed from the side it forms a triangle. Usually the slope
of the roof ranges from 300 - 450. This roof can drain
rain water well and if there is a leak, the leak point is easily found.
Maintenance and repair of the roof shape is also quite easy. The frame of the
roof is held by triangular trestles. The ridge and purlin of the gable
structure rests on the trestles and the building walls at the top form a
triangle, according to the shape of the trestles.
In my opinion, the shape of the
gable is indeed easy to form. Its simple form makes it widely used for small to
medium-sized and simple homes. But I do not intend to use the gable for the
main building of the mosque or its supporting buildings, because it is too
simple and lacks beauty value for the mosque.
The shape of the roof shield is a
form that is one level more complex than the shape of a gable. This roof has
four surface areas, namely two trapezoidal shapes whose upper sides (the
shortest, parallel to the base) meet each other at the ridge and two other
triangular-shaped surfaces whose peaks meet at the end of the ridge to form a
space that covers the top of the building. The meeting between the trapezoidal
plane and the triangle plane is called hip ridges. The hip ridge is also the
connecting frame between the two-way meeting of the rafter. This hip ridge
distinguishes it from the shape of a gable. The shape of the roof is generally
used for buildings that are elongated. The structure of the trestles is also
almost the same as the gable, only the ridge and purlin do not rest on the
walls of the building.
I used a shield roof for the porch
of the main building (the back), the management office building, and a shaded
parking lot. The reason is that the shape of the roof shield gives the
impression of covering the entire upper part of the building with a simple
impression. The design of the roof shield construction is also easy to do and
easy to understand for construction workers. For the porch, the shape of the
roof also has a high ceiling so that the air inside the porch feels cooler
during hot weather. This is also the same reason for shaded parking lots and
management offices.
The shape of the roof of the tent
generally has a slope of the roof surface of 300 - 450.
The shape of the roof is used for square-shaped buildings, including the design
of the main prayer room at the Shahada mosque, to show the characteristics of
the mosque. I formed a prayer hall in the form of a square to give the
impression of balance and accumulation. The shape of the roof of the tent is
not only single, but also can be made in stages so that it is more beautiful
and more majestic like a mountain. Generally tent roofs in mosques in Indonesia
can be two or three stages. Usually between the level of the top roof and the
level of the roof below there is a partition with the shape of a square that
can be given certain decorations or glass. This partition is made of brick
walls and is connected to the structure of the roof of a tent made of
reinforced concrete. Giving a dome at the top of the roof of the tent gives its
own impression of the architectural culture of Indonesia.
I gave the shape of a three-stage
tent roof with a partition that had thick glass with a curved top of the glass
to give an Islamic style to the design of the Shahada mosque. At the top roof
level, the shape tends to be sharp and I don't give the dome shape because it's
quite difficult to make with paper. For a connection between the shape of the
roof of the tent and the shape of the roof of the shield in this design, I
intend to give gutters between the two as a place for the flow of rainwater
with the direction of the slope down to the side of the mosque.
The pyramid roof is a roof that has
more than four of the same flat fields that make up the pyramid. I gave the
shape of this roof to the top of the Shahada tower to give meaning to the top
as a sign that God is the Almighty and Most High. The Shahada Tower was
designed as the tallest building in the Shahada mosque area and the
Betterpad-Ray building complex model. For the mimbar and terrace of the
mosque's office, I use a porch roof shape. For the sideways and back porch of
the mosque, I gave the shape of a roof that resembled a porch roof, but it was
like hanging because the roof support was on the wall of the mosque, not with
the pillar on the floor / ground.
Actually there are other types of
roofs that are often seen and used, namely flat roofs that are usually made of
concrete. The shape of the roof is almost not tilted unless it is very small to
drain water to under the building. But I did not apply it to the design of the
Shahada mosque, because it seemed to show less of the nation's architectural
culture. But there are several mosques that combine them with domes, such as
the Istiqlal mosque in Jakarta as a state mosque.
Istiqlal Mosque (from Google Maps)
This is the article from me.
Hopefully the design of the Shahada Mosque (Masjid Syahadat), which is part of
the Betterpad-Ray (Benteng Terpadu Raya/ Great Integrated Fortress) model/maquette, can
inspire and be realized. Aamiin.
Reference:
·
Susanta,
Gatut, et al. Membangun Masjid & Mushola. 2007. Depok: Penebar
Swadaya. (https://archive.org/stream/BukuArsitektur/1048_Membangun%20Masjid%20dan%20Mushola#mode/2up)
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