The earth is the only
planet in the solar system, where most of its territory is covered by waters,
both in solid form (sheets of snow and ice), liquid, or gas (water vapor). The
area of water on the surface of the earth is called the hydrosphere. The
hydrosphere comes from the word hidros = water and sphere = area or sphere.
Called a sphere because this earth is indeed spherical. These water areas
include oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, glaciers, groundwater, and water vapor in
the atmosphere. According to scientists' observations, nearly three quarters of
the earth's surface is covered with water.
The amount of water on
this earth always remains and always moves in an iterative circulation called
the water cycle or the hydrological cycle.
The branch of earth
science that specifically studies the landscape of water, especially in land
areas, is hydrology. Whereas the study of marine waters is called oceanography.
وَٱلسَّمَآءِ
ذَاتِ ٱلرَّجۡعِ ١١ [ الـطارق:11-11]
11. By the sky which returns [rain] [At Tariq:11]
In the Qur'an at surah
At Tariq verse 11, there is the word " ٱلرَّجۡعِ
"
which also means back rotate according to the commentators. Rain is called
raj'i because rain comes from vapor that rising from the earth to the
atmosphere, then down to earth, back up, down again, and so on. This is in
accordance with the mention of the water cycle, that the stages of formation of
rain always continue to rotate or repeatedly.
Source of object:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iexfrQlwnlE
The radiant heat from
the sun heats the waters on the surface of the earth, especially the oceans and
seas, and there is a process of evaporation of water. Then the water vapor
moves up into the air which is immediately followed by a decrease in
temperature. At a certain height, water vapor that experiences condensation
turns into dew or forms clouds. Collections of clouds in the atmosphere
sometimes move locations to other places by wind movements. Then the dew turns
to rain or snow. Rainfall in the form of ice and snow crystals is common in
very high mountain areas or during the winter (four seasons area) because the
surrounding air temperature is very cold below freezing.
There are three types
of water cycles, as follows.
a. A small cycle, which is the evaporation of sea
water because of the sun's heat, then gathered into clouds. At a certain height
due to condensation, water dots that gather together are getting bigger and
bigger, then falling back into the sea as rain.
b. Medium cycle, which is evaporation of sea water
so that clouds form. The clouds are carried by the wind to the land and
condensation occurs. Then rain and rain water poured into the ground, sewers,
continued to flow into the rivers and returned to the sea.
c. The big cycle, which is sea water evaporates into
gas and then becomes ice crystals above the sea, then carried by the wind to
the land (high mountains), falls to land as snow, forms glaciers (melting ice
sheets), enters rivers and back flowing into the sea.
The occurrence of the
water cycle through various processes that follow meteorological and
climatological symptoms, namely:
a. Evaporation, which is evaporation of abiotic
objects and is a process of changing forms from water to gas. About 80% of the
evaporation on earth comes from sea water.
b. Transpiration, namely the process of releasing
water vapor from plants through the stomata / leaf mouth.c. Evapotranspiration,
which is a combination of evaporation and transpiration.
d. Condensation, namely the process of changing the
form of water vapor into water due to cooling.
e. Advection, namely water transportation in
horizontal movements; such as the transportation of heat and water vapor from
one place to another by air moving horizontally.
f. Precipitation, namely all forms of outpouring or
rain from the atmosphere that descends to the surface of the earth which
includes rain of water, hail, or snow.
g. Run off, which is the movement of water flow on
the ground through rivers and creeks.
h. Infiltration, namely permeation or movement of water
into the soil through the soil pores.
Some natural processes
when rain falls are as follows.
a. Directly down to the sea.
b. Directly evaporates back into the atmosphere
before reaching the earth's surface.
c. Fall on leaves or plant branches and evaporate
back into the atmosphere before reaching the surface of the earth. The process
of evaporation of water from twigs and leaves is called interception.
d. Reach the earth's surface and seep through the
soil layers and become an infiltration.
e. Reach the earth's surface and pool, then move or
flow on the surface of the earth (surface run off). This happens when the soil
is saturated with water due to high intensity rain that lasts a long time or
because of the slope of the land.
Presented by
(Benteng Terpadu Raya/Great Integrated Fortress)
Reference:
·
Wardiyatmoko, K.
2004. Geografi SMA Jilid 1 untuk Kelas X
Kurikulum 2004 Berbasis Kompetensi. Jakarta: Erlangga.
·
Utoyo, Bambang.
2009. Geografi 1 Membuka Cakrawala Dunia
untuk Kelas X Sekolah Menengah Atas/Madrasah Aliyah. Jakarta: Pusat
Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
·
Soegimo, Dibyo
and Ruswanto. 2009. Geografi: untuk
SMA/MA Kelas X. Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
·
https://www.republika.co.id/berita/dunia-islam/hikmah/12/04/11/m2auh6-inilah-mukjizat-alquran-tentang-langit-yang-mengembalikan
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