The Banu Nadir event took place in
the month of Rabiul Awal in the 4th year of Hijrah. The background of the Nadir
war was when Jews made a malicious plan to kill Prophet Muhammad. One day
Prophet Muhammad and Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, and other companions were in the
village of Banu Nadir. He wanted to ask them to pay a portion of the diyat
(blood ransom) that was to be paid to the family of two Bani Amir people who
were killed by Amr ibn Umaiyyah for misunderstanding after the Bi'r Ma'unah
tragedy. According to the Medina agreement, the Jews must share together for
the ransom. Some Jews want to obey and ask that he wait. At that time there
were Jews who planned to kill him by dropping a large stone on the head of
Prophet Muhammad from the top of the house. Amr ibn Jahasy was the one who
wanted to do it. But by God's will, the angel Gabriel (Jibril) told Prophet
Muhammad about their plans, then he immediately left the village of Banu Nadir.
Then Prophet Muhammad explained to the Companions about the plan of the Jews to
kill him. Jews indeed hate and revenge against Islam and Muslims. They are not
experts in warfare, but they are experts in deception and conspiracy.
Then Rasulullah immediately ordered
Muhammad ibn Maslamah to deliver Rasulullah's decision to the Banu Nadir due to
the evil plan they wished to do. Rasulullah gave an ultimatum to get them out
of Medina in 10 days. After that, if there are still those who have not yet
left their village, they will be killed.
Initially Banu Nadir was willing to
obey the Prophet's decision and was getting ready to leave the place. They
already feel hopeless. But a hypocritical figure named Abdullah ibn Ubay told
two people to provoke Banu Nadir to remain in their village while taking refuge
in their fortress. Abdullah ibn Ubay promised to bring in 2,000 soldiers who
were ready to help them fight the Muslims to the point of death. He also said
that Banu Quraizah and Banu Gathafan were ready to help.
Allah SWT explained the incident in
the Surah Al Hashr verse 11:
۞أَلَمۡ تَرَ إِلَى ٱلَّذِينَ نَافَقُواْ يَقُولُونَ
لِإِخۡوَٰنِهِمُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ مِنۡ أَهۡلِ ٱلۡكِتَٰبِ لَئِنۡ أُخۡرِجۡتُمۡ
لَنَخۡرُجَنَّ مَعَكُمۡ وَلَا نُطِيعُ فِيكُمۡ أَحَدًا أَبَدٗا وَإِن قُوتِلۡتُمۡ
لَنَنصُرَنَّكُمۡ وَٱللَّهُ يَشۡهَدُ إِنَّهُمۡ لَكَٰذِبُونَ ١١
11. Have you not considered those who practice
hypocrisy, saying to their brothers who have disbelieved among the People of
the Scripture, "If you are expelled, we will surely leave with you, and we
will not obey, in regard to you, anyone - ever; and if you are fought, we will
surely aid you." But Allah testifies that they are liars.
Initially the Banu Nadir were still
discuss about the statement from Abdullah ibn Ubay. They are still confused.
Some did not believe Abdullah ibn Ubay at all. However, Huyayy ibn Akhtab,
leader of the Banu Nadir, decided not to leave Medina and instead wanted to tell
Rasulullah that they would not leave their villages and property. The Nadirs
canceled their departure after provoked Abdullah ibn Ubay. Finally they
remained in the fort and even dared to challenge Rasulullah to do anything.
Actually Muslims feel heavy facing the Banu Nadir, because Banu Nadir has a
strong fortress and is blocked by date palm plantations, so it is very risky if
carried out attacks. But their grief due to the tragedy of betrayal at Bi'r
Ma'unah earlier made them determined to fight Banu Nadir even though it was
heavy.
Rasulullah and his troops left for
the Bani Nadir village. Ali ibn Abi Talib was assigned to carry the troop
banner and affairs in Medina were handed over to Abdullah ibn Umi Maktum.
Arriving there, the Muslims immediately surrounded their residence. Jews of the
Banu Nadir immediately took refuge in the fortress while throwing arrows and
stones at the Muslims. Their defense is also difficult to penetrate because of
the thick trees around their fort. So Rasulullah ordered to cut down the trees.
Surat Al Hashr verse 5:
مَا
قَطَعۡتُم مِّن لِّينَةٍ أَوۡ تَرَكۡتُمُوهَا قَآئِمَةً عَلَىٰٓ أُصُولِهَا
فَبِإِذۡنِ ٱللَّهِ وَلِيُخۡزِيَ ٱلۡفَٰسِقِينَ
٥
5. Whatever you have cut down of [their] palm
trees or left standing on their trunks - it was by permission of Allah and so
He would disgrace the defiantly disobedient.
As it turned out, the assistance
promised by Abdullah ibn Ubay had never come to the place of the Bani Nadir
because it was merely nonsense. So the Banu Nadir became frightened and would
only get a worse fate if they continued to argue. In less than 15 days of
siege, they finally gave up and accepted the decision to leave the city of
Medina provided they could bring their wives and their belongings except
weapons. Rasulullah granted their request on the condition that every three
people get one camel with a cargo of property and may carry supplies of food
and drink at will. Then the Banu Nadir were driven out of the city of Medina
while carrying their property and the humiliation of their betrayal. Some
stopped at Khaibar and some arrived in the Sham region.
The property they left behind
belonged to the Muslims which consisted of crops, 50 armor, 340 swords and
their land. But their land is not included as a spoils of war and cannot be
distributed to the Muslims.Rasulullah determined the distribution based on his
wisdom. The land was distributed to Muhajirin groups after there was a special
section that became the poor's rights. So the Muhajirites do not need to accept
the assistance of the Ansar and they already have their own rights. From the
Ansar side there was Abu Dujana and Sahl ibn Hunaif who were part of the land
because they were registered as poor people. There are also two Bani Nadirs who
converted to Islam because of property so that they could get their property
back.
Referensi:
·
Mubarakfuri,
Syekh Shafiyyur-Rahman, dan Haidir, Abdullah (Penerjemah). 2005. Sejarah Hidup dan Perjuangan Rasulullah.
Riyadh: Kantor Dakwah dan Bimbingan bagi Pendatang Al-Sulay.
·
Haekal,
Muhammad Husain, dan Audah, Ali (Penerjemah). Sejarah Hidup Muhammad.
·
Al-Mubarakfuriyy,
Syeikh Safy Al-Rahman. Seerah Nabawiyyah,
Al-Raheeq Al-Makhtum.
·
Abu
Muhammad Abdul Malik bin Hisyam Al-Muafiri. Sirah
Nabawiyah Ibnu Hisyam. 2000. Jakarta Timur: Darul Falah.
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